America is in the middle of an egg shortage

Empty shelves for eggs are seen during an egg shortage at a Sprouts Farmer's Market grocery store in Redondo Beach, California, on January 2, 2025. Bird flu and other factors have contributed to an egg shortage in California. (Patrick T. Fallon / AFP)

American food markets are running short on eggs, and the situation may not improve for months.

The highly contagious avian influenza has wreaked havoc on the egg market. In November and December alone, 17.2 million egg-laying hens died as a result of the virus. That’s nearly half of all birds killed by the virus in 2024, according to the USDA. And it will take months to replace those flocks.

“We can’t begin fixing it the next day. It is really a six-to-nine-month process. It’s causing some shortages in certain markets that are intermittent and localized,” said Emily Metz, president and CEO of the American Egg Board.

Fewer egg-laying hens means fewer eggs, more empty store shelves and higher prices.

The average price of a dozen eggs of any kind at the end of December was $4.33, up nearly 25% from the beginning of November, according to Nielsen IQ data provided by the American Egg Board. And that’s on top of what has already been a startling rise throughout the year: Egg prices were up 37.5% year-over-year in November, according to the Consumer Price Index.

At one King Cullen store in Island Park, New York, a sign on the Long Island supermarket’s empty egg shelf read “as a part of Avian Influenza, select egg varieties may be temporarily out of stock.”

Publix, which has nearly 1,500 grocery stores, mainly in the south, confirmed the chain is experiencing egg shortages as well.

“Items in this section have limited availability. We are working to bring these products back as soon as possible,” the company said in a statement.

Egg prices were expected to rise around the holidays because of seasonal demand and a bad year of avian flu. But as the holidays came and went, supply didn’t stabilize; it dwindled instead, leaving shelves less stocked and prices higher.

In the last two months, avian flu spread to dairy farms, infecting egg farms nearby. Extreme weather across the country delayed and changed the flight path of wild birds, the main carriers of the virus.

“Hurricanes in the southeastern United States last year actually picked up those wild birds and repositioned them so that they were flying back over the same territory that they already flew over. And again, that just provides a greater opportunity for virus to spread,” said Metz.

Morton Wiliams, a tri-state area grocery chain in the surrounding areas of New York City, has seen egg prices rise across all categories since December.

“Our cost just skyrocketed. It was crazy,” said Steve Schwartz, director of sales and marketing at Morton Williams.

Schwartz said the grocery chain buys from six egg distributors, which allows for multiple channels to get its eggs. But prices remain troubling.

In mid-October, a dozen conventional eggs cost Morton Williams $2.38. This week they paid their distributors $5.48, and that’s with a 70-cent discount, said Schwartz.

“We’re going to struggle through this for a while because when I spoke to the farm a week ago, I asked the question: ‘When do you expect to see relief?’” Schwartz said.

Their reply was concerning.

“They didn’t have an answer for me.”